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Cover of A Brief History of Humankind
B2 · 528 words · English

A Brief History of Humankind

Lingard

Humankind's history spans millions of years, from early hominids in Africa to the modern digital age. The Agricultural Revolution led to settled farming communities, and ancient civilizations developed writing systems and cultural traditions. The Middle Ages, Renaissance, and Enlightenment were periods of cultural growth. The Industrial Revolution transformed economies, and the 20th century saw both progress and tragedy. In the 21st century, we face challenges like climate change but also opportunities in genetics, energy, and space exploration. Throughout, our resilience and pursuit of progress have shaped our journey and offer insights for the future.

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Words you’ll meet

The words readers of this text looked up most, each with its meaning and the line it comes from.

humankind / ˌhjuːmənˈkaɪnd /noun

The human race or human beings collectively

A Brief History of Humankind

humanitymankindHomo sapiens

innovation / ˌɪnəˈveɪʃən /noun

The introduction of something new; a new idea, method, or device

The company is committed to innovation and creativity.

inventioncreativitynovelty

hominids / ˈhɒmənɪdz /noun

any member of the family Hominidae, the great apes: orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans

early hominids

transformation / ˌtrænsfərˈmeɪʃən /noun

A thorough or dramatic change in form or appearance

The transformation of the caterpillar into a butterfly is a marvel of nature.

metamorphosisconversionalteration

discovery / dɪˈskʌvəri /noun

The act or process of finding something or someone unexpectedly or while searching for something else

The discovery of penicillin revolutionized medicine.

inventionexplorationdetection

tapestry / ˈtæpɪstri /noun

A decorative cloth consisting of a complex combination of threads, or an intricate combination of many different things

The novel is a tapestry of interwoven stories.

fabrictextiledesign

brief / ˈbriːf /adjective

lasting or taking a short time

a brief meeting

shortconcise

the saga / ðə ˈsɑː.ɡə /noun

A long and complicated story with many interesting events

The saga of the Skywalker family.

epictalenarrative

the past / ðə pæst /noun

Relating to a time before the present

In the past, I used to live in New York.

futurepresenthistory

setting / ˈsɛtɪŋ /noun

To prepare for a future event or development; to create the circumstances for something to happen

The discovery of penicillin set the stage for modern antibiotics.

lay the groundworkpave the way

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